12th Bombardment Group
| 12th Bombardment Group | |||
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| Air Force: 10th Air Force | |||
| Division: | |||
| Wing: | |||
| Active: 1941-1946 | |||
| Theater China-Burma-India | |||
| Motto: Spiritus Omnia Vincet The spirit will conquer all | |||
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History
The 12th Bombardment Group was a medium bomber group during WWII that flew B-25 Mitchells prior to converting (partially) over to the A-26 Invader. The unit is still active today as the 12th Operations Group and is based at Randolph AFB.
The Group was officially formed on 15 Jan 1941 at McChord Field, Washington, as part of the US buildup of forces. They initially flew coastal anti-submarine patrol routes, which increased in activity between 7 Dec 1941 and the unit's deployment to North Africa in Oct 1942.
In October 1942, the 12th Bomb Group arrived in Egypt and trained with the RAF and South African Air Force. They helped support the British 8th Army and fended off attacks from the German Afrika Corps.
By June 1943 the group had moved to Hergla Airfield, Tunisia and began striking at targets in Italy. In August the group moved to Sicily and continued their assault until Feb 1944.
In March 1944 the unit was transferred to India and began operations in the CBI Theater. The unit was based out of Tezgaon Airfield, Pandaveswar Airfield, Fenny Airfield, and then back to Pandaveswar Airfield. Karachi Airport was the final airbase they were stationed at in India.
At the conclusion of World War II the unit was transferred to Fort Lawton, Washington in Jan 1946 for inactivation.
In May 1947 the Unit was reactivated at Langley Field and flew A-26 Invaders until September 1948 when they were again inactivated.
Arrival of the Invaders
Scanning the War Diaries and Unit Reports from the 12th Bomb Group gives a picture of how and when the Invaders were assigned to the Group. This information comes from REEL B0072 (USAFHRA). Unless otherwise noted, this text is an exact transcription of the entries.
Pg. 1153 -
24 June 1945 - Headquarter Squadron
1. The 12th Bomb Group has terminated its offensive tactics, for pursuit of a Training Program, intense, but covering all phases of tactical training for our new A-26 type aircraft. These ships have proved themselves in combat to be speedier, longer ranged, and possessors of an equal amount of firepower as our versatile B-25s. The Chinese crews trained in A-26 type aircraft should prove a formidable threat to the "Rising Sun". [footnotes 1] [footnotes 2]
2. To carry out this training program to the credit of the 12th Bomb Gp, the 10th Air Force, and the Army Air Forces, calls for full, contemplative, comprehensive, planning by men seasoned in combat, working for the most successful prosecution of the war. And this, our training program, is dedicated to that end.
3. Heading the Staff of Operations, Plans and Training is Major Herford F. Jenks, newly appointed Major who has been with us for a period of three months. All of us feel that Major Jenks is justly deserving of the confidence and power invested in him by this promotion of merit.
4. Unsung, but nevertheless possessed of a vast amount of combat experience from previous assignment with our group and now returned from another tour, is Captain William M. Stephens, a man from the 82nd Bomb Squadron. Captain Stephens has shown a splendid cooperative spirit and is doing a creditable job in his capacity as Group Training Officer.
Pg. 1310 -
23 July 1945 - Headquarter Squadron
"A program for transferring out old B-25s has started. Panagarh [footnotes 3] has accepted twenty-two (22) planes so far, and will accept others as they are replaced by A-26s. Four Mitchells will not be transferred out, because they have been stripped down for courier ships." [footnotes 4]
Pg. 1312 -
31 July 1945 - Headquarter Squadron
2. There has been a great change in the tactical end of this group as we are getting the A-26 airplane which is manufactured by Douglas Aircraft Corporation to replace the reliable B-25.
3. During this past month many problems have arisen regarding the procurement of parts for our new aircraft. The stock of replacement parts have been critical in this theater. In my opinion this so called Army efficiency is working in high gear which usually results in the sending of new equipment to the theater of war before parts to keep this equipment in operating condition is sent to the theater concerned.
Markings
Little was known about the markings applied to the A-26s used by the 12th Bomb Group. In recent days a number of members of the 12th Bombardment Group Facebook page have shared some photos and excerpts from war diaries that have allowed us to draw some informed conclusions about the markings used by the 12th for their Invaders. Based on comparison of the markings used by their B-25s, this marking pattern appears to be new and was not used on the Mitchells. Special thanks to Christopher Hammerbeck, Zoran Mudric, Steve Mackenzie, and Rodney Lincoln for the information and photos.
The base of the marking system was a band across the tail with two-digit numbers denoting the specific plane. The number system is as follows:
81st BS – blue band with aluminum numbers (best guess)
82nd BS – green band with aluminum numbers (From an engineer's log dated 8 Aug 1945)
83rd BS – yellow band with black numbers (best guess from a photo)
434th BS – red band with aluminum numbers (from a war diary entry Aug 1945)
The photo evidence definitely shows multiple colors being used, and from the documentation we know that Red/Silver and Green/Silver were in use. There's also a lighter color with a dark numbers in one of the photos. This is probably yellow with black numbers based on what other AF units are doing, but it could be orange with black. The blue/silver band is a best guess based on other AF unit colors.
With regards to the tail numbers themselves, they are as follows:
81st - 09-29
82nd - 30-49
83rd - 50-69
434th - 70-89
Number 02 was the 82nd Administrative Aircraft and 04 was the 434th Administrative Aircraft. It is assumed that 01 was the administrative aircraft for the 81st and 03 was the administrative aircraft for the 83rd.
Missions
Although the 12th Bomb Group was highly decorated and participated in many battles with their B-25 Mitchells, the A-26s arrived too late into the war to be used operationally. The unit flew some training missions with the Invader, but did not fly any of the airframes in combat.
Aircraft
North American B-25 Mitchell 1942-1945
Douglas A-26 Invader 1945-1946, 1947-1948
Serial Numbers
44-34400 - Listed as crashed during takeoff, 5 July 1945. (REEL B0072, Pg 1316).
81st Bomb Group
44-34397 - Tail #15 - Arrived by July, 1945. 2 photos, including one in the July 1945 report.
44-34416 - Tail #16 - Photograph.
82nd Bomb Group
44-34425 - Tail #31 - Photograph.
83rd Bomb Group
434th Bomb Group
44-34450 - Photographed in June 1945 Unit History Report as one of the planes arriving that month. + 6 others.
Commanders (with date of appointment)
Col Charles G Goodrich, 6 May 1941
Col Edward N Backus, 16 Sep 1942
Lt Col William W Wilcox, 21 Sep 1943
Col Lloyd H Dalton Jr, c. 29 Sep 1944
Lt Col Samuel C Galbreath, 4 Sep 1945
Main Bases
McChord Field, Washington, 15 January 1941
Esler Field, Louisiana, c. 21 February-3 July 1942
RAF Deversoir, Egypt, c. 31 July 1942 (group headquarters and support elements after October 1942)
Egypt and Libya, c October 1942-c April 1943
Medenine Airfield, Tunisia, 3 April 1943
Sfax Airfield, Tunisia, c. 15 April 1943
Hergla Airfield, Tunisia, 2 June 1943
Ponte Olivo Airfield, Sicily, Italy, c. 2 August 1943
Gerbini Airfield, Sicily, Italy, c. 22 August 1943
Foggia Airfield, Italy, c. 2 November 1943
Gaudo Airfield, Italy, 19 January-6 February 1944
Tezgaon Airfield, India, c. 21 March 1944
Pandaveswar Airfield, India, 13 June 1944
Fenny Airfield, India, 16 July 1944
Pandaveswar Airfield, India, 8 June 1945
Karachi Airport, India, 15 November-24 December 1945
Fort Lawton, Washington, 21–22 January 1946
Langley Field (later Langley Air Force Base), Virginia, 19 May 1947 – 10 September 1948
Turner Air Force Base, Georgia, 1 November 1950
Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas, 5 December 1950[24] – 16 June 1952
Randolph Air Force Base (later Joint Base San Antonio-Randolph Air Force Base), Texas, 15 December 1991 – present
Component Units
81st Bombardment Squadron: 1941-1946
82nd Bombardment Squadron: 1941-1946
83rd Bombardment Squadron: 1941-1946
434th Bombardment Squadron: 1941-1946
Assigned To
1944-45: Tenth Air Force
Photos
Notes
- ↑ It's apparent from reading the various reports of the squadrons for this month that there were actually 2 different training programs running in parallel, one for the B-25 crews on new tactics and procedures, and another for the A-26. The 81st, 82nd, and 83rd squadrons were only in the B-25 Programs at first. The 434th spearheaded the A-26 training and was tasked with training 3 squadrons for the 14th Air Force.
- ↑ From the 434th BS Unit History, we know that the group had received 7 Invaders during the month of June, the first 3 arriving on 12 June 1945.
- ↑ Arjan Singh (Panagarh) Military Air Base Station is in Panagarh India was the scene of CBI activity in WWII. Technical Service Command was there.
- ↑ By July it seems that 22 Invaders have been assigned to the group.
Referencees
PRIMARY REFERENCES
USAFHRA REEL B0072
Historical Photos
SECONDARY REFERNCES
https://www.12bg.org/
Deaile, Melvin G. (2007). The SAC Mentality: The Origins of Organizational Culture in Strategic Air Command 1946–1962. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina.
Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems (PDF). Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945–1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5.
Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Mueller, Robert (1989). Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6.
Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Stahura, Barbara (1998). Earthquakers: 12th Bombardment Group (M). Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-56311-414-4.
Tucker, Lt Col Charles H.; Bledsoe, Larry W. (Winter 2017). "U.S. Army Air Force 12th Bombardment Group in WWII "The EARTHQUAKERS"". AAHS Journal. American Aviation Historical Society. 62 (4): 279–289.